Friday, October 5, 2012

Infinitive ေရွ႕တြင္ To ထည့္ရန္မလိုေသာ အေျခအေနမ်ား


Infinitive ဆိုတာ ဥပမာအေနနဲ႔ (to) write, (to) read စတဲ့ ပုံစံေတြကို ေခၚတာပါ။ သူက ႐ိုး႐ိုးႀကိယာနဲ႔ ဘာကြာသလဲဆိုေတာ့ သူတုိ႔မွာ ႐ိုး႐ိုးႀကိယာေတြလုိ အခ်ိန္ကာလကို မေဖာ္ျပႏိုင္ဘူး။ ဆိုလိုတာက အတိတ္၊ အနာဂတ္ စတဲ့ အခ်ိန္ကာလကို မရည္ၫႊန္းႏိုင္ဘူး။ ငယ္ငယ္က သင္ထားခဲ့တာနဲ႔ ေျပာရရင္ V2 တို႔ V3 တုိ႔ မရွိဘူးဆိုတဲ့ သေဘာပါ။ Infinitive ေတြဟာ လုပ္ရပ္နဲ႔ အျဖစ္အပ်က္ကိုပဲ ေဖာ္ျပႏိုင္စြမ္းရွိတယ္။ infinitive အမ်ားစုဟာ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ သူတို႔ရဲ႕ အေရွ႕မွာ TO ပါရတယ္။ TO ပါမွ သံုးလို႔ ရႏိုင္မယ့္ သေဘာေပါ႔။ ဥပမာ
  • I want to visit Japan.
  • It's nice to be sitting here with you.
  • The main thing is to stay calm.

ဒါေပမယ့္ Infinitive အကုန္လံုးလား ဆုိေတာ့ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ခြ်င္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႔ တခ်ဳိ႕ ေနရာေတြမွာ TO မပါဘဲ Infinitive ကို သံုးလို႔ရတဲ့ အေျခအေနေတြ ရွိပါတယ္။ အခု ဒီပို႔စ္မွာ အဲဒီ အေျခအေနေတြကို စုစည္းတင္ျပေပးသြားပါ႔မယ္။

(၁) Modal Auxillary Verb ေတြရဲ႕ေနာက္မွာ
Modal Auxillary Verb ေတြက ဘာေတြလဲဆိုေတာ့ အမ်ားသိၾကတဲ့အတုိင္း will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must စတာေတြပါ။ က်ေနာ္တို႔ ငယ္ငယ္က သင္ထားတဲ့အတိုင္း သူတုိ႔ရဲ႕ အေနာက္မွာ Verb 1 လုိက္ရမယ္လို႔ အမ်ားသိေနၿပီးသားပါ။ အဲဒီ သိႏွင့္ၿပီးသား Verb 1 ဆိုတဲ့ဟာကိုပဲ Infinitive လို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ 
  • I must go now. (I must to go now မဟုတ္)
  • Can you help me? 
  • I would rather go alone.
  • Do you think she might be joking?
  • She will probably be elected.
  • I will have finished by tomorrow morning.
  • They would have won if they had played a bit harder.

တခ်ဳိ႕ အေျခအေနေတြဟာ need, dare နဲ႔ had better ေတြရဲ႕ ေနာက္မွာလည္း Infinitive ကို TO မပါဘဲ သံုးလို႔ ရပါတယ္။
  • Need I do the washing up?
  • How dare you call me a liar?
  • You'd better see what she wants.

အထူးမွတ္ရမွာကေတာ့ ought, used, be နဲ႔ have ေတြရဲ႕ ေနာက္မွာ သံုးမယ့္ Infinitive ေတြကိုေတာ့ TO မပါဘဲ သံုးလို႔ မရပါဘူး။ ငယ္ငယ္ကေတာ့ ought to, used to, be to, have to လို႔ နဲ႔ TO တြဲက်က္ထားေတာ့ TO ထည့္ဖုိ႔ မေမ့ေတာ့ဘူးေပါ႔။

(၂) Let, make, see, hear, feel, watch နဲ႔ notice တုိ႔ရဲ႕ ေနာက္မွာ
ကဲ ... ေခါင္းစဥ္မွာ ျပထားတဲ့ ႀကိယာေတြရဲ႕ အေနာက္မွာ Infinitive ထည့္သံုးခ်င္ဆိုရင္ TO ကို လံုးဝ သံုးစရာမလိုဘူးဆိုတာ မွတ္ထားရမယ္။ ဥပမာ ၾကည့္ၾကည့္ရေအာင္။
  • She lets her childern stay up very late. 

(She lets her childern to stay မဟုတ္) (She lets her childern staying လည္းမဟုတ္)
  • I made them give me the money back.
  • I didn't see you come in.
  • We both heard him say that I was leaving.
  • Did you feel the earth move?

Help, have နဲ႔ know စတဲ့ ႀကိယာေတြကေတာ့ တခ်ဳိ႕အေျခအေနေတြမွာ TO မပါတဲ့ Infinitive ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးလို႔ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ
  • Could you help me (to) unload the car? (to ကို ထည့္ခ်င္လည္းရတယ္၊ မထည့္ခ်င္လည္း ရတယ္)
  • Have Mrs Hansen come in, please. (US အသံုး)
  • I've never known him (to) pay for a drink. (Perfect Tense ျမန္မာအေခၚ Verb 3 ျဖစ္တဲ့ known နဲ႔ပဲ သံုးလို႔ရပါတယ္)


အထူးမွတ္ရမွာက အထက္မွာျပခဲ့တဲ့ ႀကိယာေတြထဲက (make, see, hear, help နဲ႔ know) ေတြကို Passive version ပံုစံနဲ႔ ေရးၿပီဆိုရင္ေတာ့ TO သံုးကို သံုးရေတာ့မယ္။
  • He was made to pay back the money.
  • She was heard to say that she disagreed.


(၃) Why နဲ႔ Why not ရဲ႕ ေနာက္မွာ
တကယ္လို႔ Why သို႔မဟုတ္ Why not နဲ႔ စၿပီး ေမးခြန္းေမးမယ္၊ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ အၾကံျပဳမယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ အေနာက္မွာ ထည့္သံုးကို Infinitive ကို TO မပါဘဲ သံုးလို႔ ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ ၾကည့္ရေအာင္။
  • Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices.
  • Why stand up if you can sit down?
  • Why sit down if you can lie down?
  • You're looking tired. Why not take a holiday?


(၄) and, or, except, but, than, as နဲ႔ like တုိ႔ရဲ႕ေနာက္မွာ
တကယ္လို႔မ်ား and, or, except, but, than, as နဲ႔ like ကို ၾကားခံသံုးၿပီး Infinitive ႏွစ္ခုကို ဆက္ခဲ့ရင္ ဒုတိယ Infinitive ကို TO ထည့္ၿပီး ေရးစရာ မလုိေတာ့ပါဘူး။
  • I'd like to lie down and go to sleep.
  • Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?
  • We had nothing to do except look at the cinema posters.
  • I'm ready to do anything but work on a farm.
  • It's easier to do it yourself than explain to somebody else how to do it.
  • It's as easy to smile as frown.
  • I have to feed the animals as well as look after the childern.
  • Why don't you do something useful like clean the flat?

Rather than ရဲ႕ ေနာက္မွာလည္း ရံဖန္ရံခါ Infinitive ကို TO မပါဘဲ သံုးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
  • Rather than wait any more, I decided to go home by taxi.


(၅) Do ရဲ႕ ေနာက္မွာ
All I did was, What I do is စတဲ့ Expression ေတြရဲ႕ အေနာက္မွာ Infinitive ကို TO မထည့္ဘဲလည္း သံုးလို႔ရသလို TO ပါလို႔လည္း ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ -
  • All I did was (to) give him a little push.
  • What a fire-door does is (to) delay the spread of a fire.

ရႊင္လန္းခ်မ္းေျမ့ၾကပါေစ။
ပီေက

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